The history behind the strategy of lockdowns

Shared from nominister.wordpress.com https://nominister.wordpress.com/2021/10/06/lockdowns-a-nightmare-of-imagination/

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the twin towers in the USA in 2001, various experts tried to imagine what form future terrorist attacks might take, and one of the obvious ones was bio-warfare; the introduction of a lethal disease like Ebola. Even then they were a little behind, in that Tom Clancy had already played out that scenario in his 1996 book Executive Orders:

One of the outcomes of this thinking was– the lockdown of the entire society.

Drs. Hatchett and Mecher had proposed that Americans in some places might have to turn back to an approach, self-isolation, first widely employed in the Middle Ages.

How that idea — born out of a request by President George W. Bush to ensure the nation was better prepared for the next contagious disease outbreak — became the heart of the national playbook for responding to a pandemic is one of the untold stories of the coronavirus crisis.

Dr Mecher was an intensive care doctor with no previous expertise in pandemics and DR Hatchett an oncologist (cancer specialist). You’ll love the help they got – from a 14 year old girl:

Laura, with some guidance from her dad, devised a computer simulation that showed how people – family members, co-workers, students in schools, people in social situations – interact. What she discovered was that school kids come in contact with about 140 people a day, more than any other group. Based on that finding, her program showed that in a hypothetical town of 10,000 people, 5,000 would be infected during a pandemic if no measures were taken, but only 500 would be infected if the schools were closed.

She got her name on the CDC (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention) 2006 paper, Targeted Social Distancing Designs for Pandemic Influenza, which is very cool, but the primary authors were not experts in immunology or epidemiology. 

This was quickly followed by a 2007 CDC paper, Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Mitigation in the United States.

Actual epidemiologists (specialists in diseases)  were appalled. None more so than Donald Henderson, a US epidemiologist who had capped his career by training for two years at the Epidemic Intelligence Service of the Communicable Disease Center, before moving to Geneva to head the WHO’s smallpox division. In short, he was one of the world’s leading experts in this area. Together with co-authors  Thomas V.Inglesby, epidemiologist Jennifer B. Nuzzo, and physician Tara O’Toole he produced a paper: Disease Mitigation Measures in the Control of Pandemic Influenza. You can read the full version at the link, but here’s the key summary:

Experience has shown that communities faced with epidemics or other adverse events respond best and with the least anxiety when the normal social functioning of the community is least disrupted. Strong political and public health leadership to provide reassurance and to ensure that needed medical care services are provided are critical elements. If either is seen to be less than optimal, a manageable epidemic could move toward catastrophe.

Lockdown was not even a real-world epidemiological idea in the first place and showed no actual knowledge of viruses and disease mitigation.

It was originally the combination of Bush-era security experts and a high-school computer-based model that had nothing at all to do with real life, real science, or real medicine. So how is that people like Henderson and other highly trained and experienced experts on epidemics did not prevail in the argument.

The [Bush] administration ultimately sided with the proponents of social distancing and shutdowns — though their victory was little noticed outside of public health circles. Their policy would become the basis for government planning and would be used extensively in simulations used to prepare for pandemics, and in a limited way in 2009 during an outbreak of the influenza called H1N1. Then the coronavirus came, and the plan was put to work across the country for the first time.

Some years later, a reporter would track down one of the authors of the 2007 paper, Rajeev Venkayya, who made the incredible response that, “lockdowns and shelter-in-place were not part of the recommendations.”

Even in 2020, there was fightback from expert epidemiologists, starting with John Ioannidis at Stanford Medical School, who published an article, “A Fiasco in the Making? As the Coronavirus Pandemic Takes Hold, We Are Making Decisions Without Reliable Data.”, in which he argued that while a short-term lockdown might make sense, extended lockdowns could prove worse than the disease, and scientists needed to do more intensive testing to determine the risk.

Another Stanford expert, Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, joined with Ioannidis on research and papers and in March this year said that:

“I stand behind my comment that the lockdowns are the single worst public health mistake in the last 100 years. We will be counting the catastrophic health and psychological harms, imposed on nearly every poor person on the face of the earth, for a generation… At the same time, they have not served to control the epidemic in the places where they have been most vigorously imposed. In the US, they have – at best – protected the “non-essential” class from COVID, while exposing the essential working class to the disease. The lockdowns are trickle down epidemiology.”

But incredibly these experts were no longer just overruled. They were viciously attacked, as were many others, as this article notes:

[The Ioannidis 2020] article offered common-sense advice from one of the world’s most frequently cited authorities on the credibility of medical research, but it provoked a furious backlash on Twitter from scientists and journalists.

“Scientists whom I respect started acting like warriors who had to subvert the enemy,” he says. “Every paper I’ve written has errors—I’m a scientist, not the pope—but the main conclusions of this one were correct and have withstood the criticism.”


Stefan Baral, an epidemiologist at Johns Hopkins with 350 publications to his name, submitted a critique of lockdowns to more than ten journals and finally gave up—“the first time in my career that I could not get a piece placed anywhere,”

Martin Kulldorff, an epidemiologist at Harvard, had a similar experience with his article, early in the pandemic, arguing that resources should be focused on protecting the elderly…. It was a tragically accurate prophecy from one of the leading experts on infectious disease, but Kulldorff couldn’t find a scientific journal or media outlet to accept the article, so he ended up posting it on his own LinkedIn page. “There’s always a certain amount of herd thinking in science,” Kulldorff says, “but I’ve never seen it reach this level. Most of the epidemiologists and other scientists I’ve spoken to in private are against lockdowns, but they’re afraid to speak up.”

Perhaps all these people are fringe nutters? Kulldorff would eventually join with Bhattacharya and Sunetra Gupta of Oxford to produce the Great Barrington Declaration. In it they urged officials to shield the elderly by doing more tests of the staff at nursing homes and hospitals, while reopening business and schools for younger people, which would ultimately protect the vulnerable as herd immunity grew among the low-risk population.

They managed to attract attention but not the kind they hoped for. Though tens of thousands of other scientists and doctors went on to sign the declaration, the press caricatured it as a deadly “let it rip” strategy and an “ethical nightmare” from “Covid deniers” and “agents of misinformation.” Google initially shadow-banned it so that the first page of search results for “Great Barrington Declaration” showed only criticism of it (like an article calling it “the work of a climate denial network”) but not the declaration itself. Facebook shut down the scientists’ page for a week for violating unspecified “community standards.”

The traditional strategy for dealing with pandemics was to isolate the infected and protect the most vulnerable, just as Atlas and the Great Barrington scientists recommended. The CDC’s pre-pandemic planning scenarios didn’t recommend extended school closures or any shutdown of businesses even during a plague as deadly as the 1918 Spanish flu.

You can read an extensive list of studies on the failure of lockdowns around the world as of April 21, 2021, here. The Spiked site has a list of nations, lockdowns and their failures. New Zealand is not there yet, but as recent decisions have shown, what happened here in 2020 with the L4 lockdown reducing cases to zero, can only be described as a fluke, and it has failed at its second attempt, just like everywhere else.

As the pandemic fades and the years pass, the arguments over lockdowns will be lengthy and intense, as they should be. But this method should never be used again.

The covid story so far in Australia

The following is shared from Kiwiblog.co.nz

Guest Post: Excessive policing in Australia

A guest post by Gary Lindsay:

I have summarized some but definitely not all of the current excessive policing that is going on in Australia.  This article deals only with the actions of the police, and does not deal with the Australian response to Covid, even though the policing is the result of the Covid response.  Other than in the conclusion I have refrained from commentary so that the readers may form their own opinions.

Before I start, I would like readers to know that it is difficult to find many references to the current excessive policing in Australia’s mainstream media.  The same goes for Facebook and Twitter; they are actively deleting dissent including videos of police brutality, to the point where on the weekend of 18 September Facebook shut down all live streams from Victoria and the Victorian Police attempting to use the state of emergency to enforce a no-fly zone over the CBD to prevent TV helicopters from taking live pictures (this was later ruled illegal in the Supreme Court of Victoria).  Alternate media such as Avi Yemini for Rebel Media and many other amateur sources via platforms such as Telegram are the only way to find out what is really going on, along with the occasional article from SBS and the Guardian and some politicians.

July

On 21 June 2021 the government of New South Wales issued a stay-at-home (lockdown) order for the local government areas in the Sydney metropolitan area.  Melbourne’s fourth lockdown took place over two weeks in May and June, and a entered its fifth lockdown on 14 July.

The Sydney lockdown was initially due to cases in the wealthier suburbs, but after a few days the focus shifted to Western Sydney LGAs (local government areas) such as Canterbury-Bankstown and Parramatta.  Since mid-July much of Sydney’s west has been heavily policed, with mounted police patrolling the area looking for rule breaches and even aerial surveillance.  The Australian Defence Force has been brought in to assist police.  This heavy and highly visible police action has continued every day and there are no signs of it stopping.

A major rally protesting government overreach was arranged for the weekend of 24 July.  This protest went ahead in all Australian cities including Melbourne and Sydney.  I watched these protests via live feed on Facebook, and saw thousands of people marching and people generally being well behaved.  In Sydney the police began shepherding protesters to barricades near the Town Hall, where a fight broke out between police and protesters.  Police released a photograph of a police horse being punched by a protester, with later footage from citizens emerging showing this was clearly the protester fending the horse away from his face.  The man was arrested on animal cruelty charges and I do not know whether he is out of prison.  In Melbourne the police did not engage with the protesters until the protest began to disperse, when they began rounding up and arresting those left behind.

Melbourne’s fifth lockdown ended on July 27.

August

The government of Victoria issued its sixth lockdown order on the 5 of August, approximately one week after completing the fifth.  That evening a group of approximately 2000 protesters marched through the streets of Melbourne, playing cat-and-mouse in an attempt to evade police.  There was also a major rally on 6 August during daytime.

During another rally on 11 August Victorian police arrested a man named Marty Focker and charged him with crimes they knew would not stick in court, with the intention of obtaining onerous bail conditions so they could re-arrest him and hold him in prison when he inevitably breached them.  Unfortunately for the police involved Marty recorded them discussing the conspiracy on his mobile phone and the footage was sent to Rebel Media.

On 21 August there were more nationwide rallies, including in many regional towns.  I personally attended the rally in Brisbane, which was peaceful.  Both Sydney and Melbourne suffered from excessive policing, with the rally in Sydney was cancelled at the last minute after the lead organizer was sent to jail for 8 months (for organizing a protest!), 1500 police were deployed in Sydney’s CBD, public transport was shut down, and ride share providers had to ask patrons to prove they were essential workers.  In Melbourne the police pursued the rally, and opened fire on protesters using rubber bullets (they’re brutal, and can be lethal), which was the first time this has happened in Australia. 

Police in both cities began arresting people for not wearing masks, and sometimes even when they are not breaking the law.  Note that they are arresting people, not issuing instant fines.  One example is presented in a TikTok which emerged in late August of a father dressed in his running gear, in handcuffs in front of his young child.   A passer-by began recording and telling the cops they were out of line, and after several minutes of discussion he was released.  Had the good Samaritan kept walking it is likely he would have been imprisoned.

On 31 August a well-known blogger and anti-vax campaigner named Monica Smit was arrested in Melbourne on two counts of incitement.  She was offered bail on the condition she shut down her political movement and delete her website.  She declined so she was detained in prison for 22 days until the Supreme Court of Victoria granted her bail and set a precedent in the process. She is Australia’s first political prisoner since Pauline Hansen in 2003.

September

More of the same continued into September.  On Saturday 18 September major rallies took place.  Victoria shut down public transport and Victoria Police searched every vehicle moving in and out of Melbourne.  Organisers caught the police unawares by changing the location from the CBD to Fitzroy at the last minute.  There was still significant violence from the police, including a 70 year old woman being tackled by multiple officers then sprayed with mace while on the ground.

On 20 September a large group of construction workers gathered out the front of the Melbourne office of their union, the CFMEU, demanding the officials stand up to the mandatory vaccine.  The union officials did not, and the Premier called in the counter terror squad.  The union officials then began fighting with their own members, with the assistance of police.  In retaliation to the protest the Premier shut down construction for at least two weeks.

The following day construction workers protested in Melbourne, shutting down the West Gate Freeway.  There were violent scenes as police separated the protest into smaller groups, with one large group ending up at the Shrine of Remembrance.  Victoria Police stormed the Shrine and dispersed the crowd, despite the crowd sitting still and being well behaved.

There have been protests in Melbourne met with police violence every day since.  An enormous convoy of perhaps 100 police vehicles was videoed travelling through the Melbourne CBD on 22 September, another excessive show of force.

There was another major rally in all major cities on Saturday 25 September, with similar levels of violence in the Melbourne and Sydney rallies and generally peaceful everywhere else.

Not only have the Victorian police been deliberately antagonising protesters, they have become more aggressive towards the public in general.  Several videos of incidents where police crash-tackle unsuspecting members of the public, including one at Flinders Street Station where a man was talking with several officers when he was attacked from behind by another officer.  There have also been reports of the Victorian Police targeting anyone wearing high vis clothing, because they might be construction workers on their way to a protest.

On Monday 27 September several nurses and healthcare workers risked their careers to attend a rally.  Unlike other rallies, everyone was wearing a mask and social distancing, and were in full compliance with the health order.  The police still turned up in riot gear and dispersed the crowd.  This is particularly noteworthy because people were enjoying the same park doing social distancing the same way but were not dispersed – the only difference is that the gathering on the Monday was political.

Conclusion

The people involved in these rallies and protests are mostly people who are negatively affected by the government policy – the small businesspeople, the newly unemployed (thanks to the Covid response), and more recently tradies.  There are also people who are generally concerned about human rights abuses (whether freedom of speech, freedom of choice with the vaccine, just generally against excessive government), as well as those with fringe beliefs who seem to come out when there is a protest for some reason.  For the most part the protestors are just ordinary Australians who only want life to go back to how it was in 2019.

Following the protests on 17 September the mainstream media have finally begun to report the police violence, but even now they’re only showing the particularly bad bits such as the woman who got maced on the ground and the man crash tackled at Flinders Street.  They have not reported that this has been going on for months, and has been progressively getting worse.  They are still using the term “rubber bullets” as if they are Nerf bullets that don’t hurt.  As I have been writing this it has occurred to me how much the attitude of the Victorian and NSW governments have towards their citizens has deteriorated since June.  It is not something I ever expected to see in this part of the world, in either Australia or New Zealand, and it saddens me to think that a large proportion of my fellow Australians actually believe that this behaviour is acceptable. 

Finally, I want to make it very clear that not all of Australia’s policemen are violent thugs.  In Queensland, where I live, the average cop is extremely reluctant to police Covid and I have it on good authority that their unofficial policy is to only act when a complaint is received.  Even in Sydney and Melbourne the vast majority do not wish to be committing these acts; most do so only because they have debts to pay and kids to raise, and are simply doing what they have to in the hope that this will end soon.  If it does not end we may find a significant shortage of labour in the Forces.

Reference Links

July 2021 protests

https://www.rebelnews.com/thousands_descend_on_australian_capital_cities_for_freedom_day

https://www.rebelnews.com/this_is_what_really_happened_at_the_rally_for_freedom_in_melbourne

https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/jul/09/nsw-police-crackdown-in-south-west-sydney-results-in-eight-fines-for-covid-rule-breaches

https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/audio/2021/aug/18/sydneys-suburbs-hardest-hit-by-covid-now-at-breaking-point

https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/police-launch-major-operation-targeting-delta-spread-in-south-west-sydney-20210708-p5880d.html

https://t.me/gchristensen/231?single (horsey punch).

http://rebelne.ws/3DC8dCy (police trumping up charges)

August

https://www.rebelnews.com/watch_massive_protest_in_melbourne_as_sixth_snap_lockdown_declared

https://www.rebelnews.com/thousands_march_across_australia_against_lockdowns?fbclid=IwAR0_RvSPkNSPrEiigovzS0lProFEq7FRUIqZ8g2yzo6gJ76rrP1HNwk5HT4

https://fb.watch/8iEgL-99Eq/ (Brisbane rally)

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-21/nsw-police-arrest-47-issue-260-penalties-anti-lockdown-protest-/100396384

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9938693/Little-girl-sits-handcuffed-fathers-lap-arrested-Sydney-Covid-hotspot.html?ito=facebook_share_article-top&fbclid=IwAR1RdAU7aLpFDUPUPl5gDEnU1kCjmFPjEQJxPCuB1lE8q63bLmswaC7W0HM

https://www.rebelnews.com/the_world_needs_to_witness_what_police_did_in_melbourne_yesterday (First time VicPol fired rubber bullets)

September

https://mobile.twitter.com/OzraeliAvi/status/1441507339043950593?s=04&fbclid=IwAR2CG-69oPGP98ZzHfhZNaDNMjvTKQu7_dEj8Z_oHO7n0F5tYhXourSDTeQ (Western Sydney again)

https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/antivaxxer-and-antilockdown-activist-monica-smit-charged-with-incitement/news-story/dd17be970ebbf3d4d533b404cca852fb

https://www.rebelnews.com/monica_smit_overturns_onerous_bail_conditions?fbclid=IwAR1l1hHR9voqgFYsMdy62plC34L7US8w8CAtOZ-6w_rvDzapWorswYvSdJQ

https://t.me/TommyRobinsonNews/25859?fbclid=IwAR0CvE–VVdB2BCi8tsWj6wTBxttnSyT7v_aFavv0-0cLqdJYSQdZy0MVWo

https://fb.watch/8iJqne4pgF/ (tradies outside the CFMEU)

https://fb.watch/8iK8DAnOOz/ (“highlights” of 18 September)

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-21/victoria-construction-industry-shutdown-melbourne-protest-police/100478450?fbclid=IwAR1gJ3lBmECE6F6zdCXG019zmqim2bc8PMxKgBHgbJ59jAsQb7TCaYrVq8o

https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/victoria-police-confirm-footage-shared-to-social-media-of-flinders-street-station-arrest-will-be-investigated/news-story/5443b75c32de028fdea9b23a10cc742c

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10005641/Policemen-douse-elderly-woman-pepper-spray-Melbournes-anti-lockdown-protests.html

https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/sep/23/arrest-footage-and-teargas-raise-concerns-about-victoria-polices-use-of-force-to-quell-protests

https://www.rebelnews.com/police_move_in_to_force_health_workers_out_of_protesting_in_melbourne

https://www.rebelnews.com/how_they_tried_and_failed_to_stop_a_freedom_rally_in_melbourne

https://www.rebelnews.com/its_scary_police_swarm_shopping_centre_with_helicopters_drones_and_horses

https://www.rebelnews.com/police_deploy_counter-terror_squad_on_construction_workers_in_melbourne

https://twitter.com/tdolling/status/1440492866401226758 (convoy of police vehicles)

https://t.me/ausrural/1541 (another video of the enormous convoy)

https://t.me/TommyRobinsonNews/26054 (another man brutally arrested by Victorian Police)

An inspiring story from 1983

In 1983 a 61 Year Old Farmer Won a 544 mile endurance race because he ran throughout the night while the younger ‘professional’ athletes slept

Every year, Australia hosts 543.7-mile (875km) endurance racing from Sydney to Melbourne. It is considered among the world’s most grueling ultra-marathons. The race takes five days to complete, athletes are typically less than 30 years old and backed by large companies.

In 1983, Cliff Young showed up at the start of this race. Cliff was 61 years old and wore overalls and work boots. To everyone’s shock, Cliff wasn’t a spectator. He picked up his race number and joined the other runners.

The press and other athletes became curious and questioned Cliff. They told him, “You’re crazy, there’s no way you can finish this race.” To which he replied,

“I believe I can run this race.”

When the race started, the pros quickly left Cliff behind. The crowds and television audience were entertained because Cliff didn’t even run properly; he appeared to shuffle. Many even feared for the old farmer’s safety.

The Tortoise and the Hare: All of the professional athletes knew that it took about 5 days to finish the race. In order to compete, one had to run about 18 hours a day and sleep the remaining 6 hours. The thing is, Cliff Young didn’t know that! When the morning of the second day came, everyone was in for another surprise. Not only was Cliff still in the race, he had continued jogging all night. Eventually Cliff was asked about his tactics for the rest of the race. To everyone’s disbelief, he claimed he would run straight through to the finish without sleeping.

Cliff kept running. Each night he came a little closer to the leading pack. By the final night, he had surpassed all of the young, world-class athletes. He was the first competitor to cross the finish line and he set a new course record.

When Cliff was awarded the winning prize of $10,000, he said he didn’t know there was a prize and insisted that he did not enter for the money. He ended up giving all of his winnings to several other runners, an act that endeared him to all of Australia.

Continued Inspiration: In the following year, Cliff entered the same race and took 7th place. Not even a displaced hip during the race stopped him.

Cliff came to prominence again in 1997, aged 76, when he attempted to raise money for homeless children by running around Australia’s border. He completed 6,520km of the 16,000km run before he had to pull out because his only crew member became ill. Cliff Young passed away in 2003 at age 81.

Today, the “Young-shuffle” has been adopted by ultra-marathon runners because it is considered more energy-efficient. At least three champions of the Sydney to Melbourne race have used the shuffle to win the race. Furthermore, during the Sydney to Melbourne race, modern competitors do not sleep. Winning the race requires runners to go all night as well as all day, just like Cliff Young.

That which is seen and that which is not seen

 

I. The Broken Window fallacy

Have you ever witnessed the anger of the good shopkeeper, James B., when his careless son happened to break a pane of glass? If you have been present at such a scene, you will most assuredly bear witness to the fact, that every one of the spectators, were there even thirty of them, by common consent apparently, offered the unfortunate owner this invariable consolation: “It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. Everybody must live, and what would become of the glaziers if panes of glass were never broken?”

Now, this form of condolence contains an entire theory, which it will be well to show up in this simple case, seeing that it is precisely the same as that which, unhappily, regulates the greater part of our economical institutions. Suppose it cost six francs to repair the damage, and you say that the accident brings six francs to the glazier’s trade — that it encourages that trade to the amount of six francs — I grant it; I have not a word to say against it; you reason justly. The glazier comes, performs his task, receives his six francs, rubs his hands, and, in his heart, blesses the careless child. All this is that which is seen.

But if, on the other hand, you come to the conclusion, as is too often the case, that it is a good thing to break windows, that it causes money to circulate, and that the encouragement of industry in general will be the result of it, you will oblige me to call out, “Stop there! your theory is confined to that which is seen; it takes no account of that which is not seen.”

It is not seen that as our shopkeeper has spent six francs upon one thing, he cannot spend them upon another. It is not seen that if he had not had a window to replace, he would, perhaps, have replaced his old shoes, or added another book to his library. In short, he would have employed his six francs in some way which this accident has prevented.

Let us take a view of industry in general, as affected by this circumstance. The window being broken, the glazier’s trade is encouraged to the amount of six francs: this is that which is seen.

If the window had not been broken, the shoemaker’s trade (or some other) would have been encouraged to the amount of six francs: this is that which is not seen.

Now let us consider James B. himself. In the former supposition, that of the window being broken, he spends six francs, and has neither more nor less than he had before, the enjoyment of a window. In the second, where we suppose the window not to have been broken, he would have spent six francs in shoes, and would have had at the same time the enjoyment of a pair of shoes and of a window. Now, as James B. forms a part of society, must come to the conclusion, that, taking it altogether, and making an estimate of its enjoyments and its labors, it has lost the value of the broken window.

The reader must take care to remember that there are not two persons only, but three concerned in the little scene which I have submitted to his attention. One of them, James B., represents the consumer, reduced, by an act of destruction, to one enjoyment instead of two. Another, under the title of the glazier, shows us the producer, whose trade is encouraged by the accident. The third is the shoemaker (or some other tradesman), whose labor suffers proportionably by the same cause. It is this third person who is always kept in the shade, and who, personating that which is not seen, is a necessary element of the problem. It is he who shows us how absurd it is to think we see a profit in an act of destruction. It is he who will soon teach us that it is not less absurd to see a profit in a restriction, which is, after all, nothing else than a partial destruction. Therefore, if you will only go to the root of all the arguments which are adduced in its favor, all you will find will be the paraphrase of this vulgar saying — What would become of the glaziers, if nobody ever broke windows?

Author: Claude Frédéric Bastiat (1801 – 1850)

Frédéric Bastiat was the great French proto-Austrolibertarian whose polemics and analytics run circles around every statist cliché. His primary desire as a writer was to reach people in the most practical way with the message of the moral and material urgency of freedom.